Last reviewed by Dr. Dharmender Malik on 14 May 2026 · this article reflects the published primary literature and current clinical practice at FMRI Gurugram.
Introduction
Prostate cancer awareness month is observed each September across most of the English-speaking world, with September 1 widely marked as the start of dedicated campaign activity by the Movember Foundation, Prostate Cancer UK, the Zero Cancer organisation, and other advocacy groups. The light-blue ribbon is the recognised symbol. The aim of awareness is not just to raise visibility — it is to support informed decisions about screening, an area where current evidence and guideline recommendations have shifted substantially over the last 15 years. This article walks through, with primary sources, the current evidence on prostate cancer screening, who should screen and at what age, what PSA testing actually involves and its limitations, the modern role of MRI and biopsy, and where active surveillance fits — finishing on a brief note on what advanced-disease treatment options look like and where radioligand therapy enters the pathway.
Prostate cancer burden — and why awareness matters
AI Overview · short answer
Prostate cancer awareness month is observed each September, with the light blue ribbon as its global symbol[1]. Current evidence supports shared decision-making for PSA-based screening rather than universal screening: the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2018) recommends individualised screening discussion for men aged 55-69 (Grade C) and recommends against routine screening for men aged 70 and older (Grade D)[2]. The American Urological Association (2023) recommends shared decision-making starting at age 55 for average-risk men, age 45 for high-risk men (African ancestry, family history, BRCA carriers), and age 40 for very-high-risk men[3]. Multiparametric prostate MRI and active surveillance for low-risk disease have substantially reduced overdiagnosis and overtreatment concerns that drove the original USPSTF Grade D recommendation in 2012[4].
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men globally and one of the most differentiated in terms of clinical course. Globocan 2022 (IARC) reported approximately 1.47 million new prostate cancer cases globally per year, with substantial variation in incidence between countries reflecting both biological factors and the intensity of PSA-based screening[5]. In India, the ICMR National Cancer Registry Programme has documented rising prostate cancer incidence in urban registries over the last two decades, with later-stage presentation than in countries with established screening programmes[6].
Two facts shape the screening discussion:
- Stage at diagnosis is the single strongest predictor of outcome. Localised prostate cancer is curable; metastatic prostate cancer is treatable but not curable.
- Most prostate cancers grow slowly — a substantial proportion would never cause clinical symptoms or shorten life if untreated. This is the basis of overdiagnosis concerns and of the modern active-surveillance pathway for low-risk disease.
Awareness campaigns aim to support informed engagement with screening rather than to drive universal PSA testing — a meaningful shift in messaging over the past decade[7].
When is awareness month, and what the ribbon represents
Prostate cancer awareness month is observed in September in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, India, and most other English-speaking countries. The Movember Foundation runs its dedicated men's-health fundraising campaign in November (men growing moustaches for the month), which is also widely associated with prostate cancer awareness — but the formal awareness month is September[1].
The recognised symbol is the light blue ribbon. It is distinct from:
- Pink ribbon — breast cancer awareness
- Yellow ribbon — sarcoma / bone cancer; also bladder cancer in some regions
- Orange ribbon — leukaemia; also kidney cancer in some regions
- Teal ribbon — ovarian cancer
- Purple ribbon — pancreatic cancer; also testicular cancer in some regions
The light-blue ribbon was adopted by US prostate cancer advocacy organisations in the late 1990s and has been used internationally since. Some regions use a navy-blue variant; the predominant convention is light blue[1].
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force — the recommendation and how it has evolved
The USPSTF prostate cancer screening recommendation has gone through three major iterations over the past 15 years, reflecting evolving evidence on overdiagnosis, MRI-guided pathways, and the role of active surveillance[2]:
| Year | Recommendation | Rationale summary |
|---|
| 2008 | Grade I (insufficient evidence) for men <75; Grade D (recommend against) for men ≥75 | Limited evidence on net benefit |
| 2012 | Grade D (recommend against) PSA-based screening at all ages | Concerns about overdiagnosis, overtreatment morbidity; the ERSPC vs PLCO trial conflict |
| 2018 | Grade C (individualised shared decision-making) for men aged 55-69; Grade D for men aged 70+ | Modest mortality benefit (per ERSPC); MRI and active surveillance reducing overtreatment risk |
The current 2018 recommendation explicitly endorses shared decision-making — a discussion between man and clinician about individual risk factors, life expectancy, personal values, and the trade-offs between potential benefit and harms. It does not endorse universal PSA testing[2].
AUA, EAU, NCCN — international guideline positions
Other major guideline groups are broadly aligned with shared-decision-making but differ on specific age thresholds and risk stratification[3][8][9]:
| Guideline | Average-risk start age | High-risk start age | Upper age limit | Interval |
|---|
| USPSTF 2018 | Shared decision 55-69 | (individualised) | Against routine 70+ | (individualised) |
| AUA / SUO 2023 | 55 | 45 (African ancestry, family history, BRCA); 40 (very high-risk) | ~75 (case-by-case after) | 2-4 years |
| EAU 2024 | 50 | 45 (family history); 40 (BRCA2) | ~70 (life expectancy > 10-15 years) | Risk-stratified |
| NCCN early detection 2024 | 45 (shared decision 40-45) | 40 (African ancestry, family history, BRCA) | ~75 (case-by-case) | Risk-stratified |
The common ground is clear: screening is a shared decision, starts earlier for higher-risk men (African ancestry, family history of prostate cancer, known BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants), and is generally not offered to men with limited life expectancy or those over ~75 years. The Indian context generally follows international guidance, with shared-decision counselling in urological practice; no national population-screening programme exists[10].
What PSA testing involves — and its limits
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein produced by both normal and cancerous prostate tissue. A blood test measures total PSA; some pathways also measure free PSA, PSA velocity, or PSA density (PSA divided by prostate volume on imaging)[11]. Key facts about the test:
- It is not cancer-specific. PSA rises with benign prostatic enlargement (BPH), prostatitis, urinary tract infection, recent ejaculation, recent prostate biopsy or surgery, and bicycling. A raised PSA prompts further evaluation; it does not equal cancer.
- It can miss aggressive cancer. Some high-grade prostate cancers produce relatively little PSA. A normal PSA does not exclude all clinically significant disease, particularly in high-risk men.
- The traditional 4.0 ng/mL cutoff is not absolute. Risk increases with PSA; modern interpretation uses risk-adjusted nomograms (Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial calculator, AUA risk calculator) rather than a single threshold.
- Repeat testing matters. Single mildly elevated values are often confirmed by repeat testing before any further investigation.
- Reflex tests support decisions. Free-to-total PSA ratio, Prostate Health Index (PHI), 4Kscore, and SelectMDx are reflex tests that can refine the cancer-probability estimate after an initial raised PSA[12].
The modern PSA pathway is therefore not "raised PSA → immediate biopsy" — it is risk-stratified investigation with imaging and reflex testing.
Modern pathway — multiparametric MRI and targeted biopsy
The PROMIS trial (Ahmed et al., Lancet 2017) and the PRECISION trial (Kasivisvanathan et al., NEJM 2018) reshaped the prostate cancer diagnostic pathway by demonstrating the value of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) before biopsy[13][14]:
- PROMIS — 576 men with raised PSA received mpMRI then transperineal mapping biopsy as reference standard. mpMRI sensitivity for clinically-significant cancer was 93%, much higher than systematic biopsy (48%).
- PRECISION — 500 men randomised to either standard 12-core systematic biopsy or mpMRI-first with targeted biopsy of suspicious lesions. The MRI-first pathway detected more clinically-significant cancer (38% vs 26%) and fewer clinically-insignificant cancers (9% vs 22%), reducing both undertreatment of aggressive disease and overtreatment of indolent disease.
The modern recommended diagnostic pathway is therefore[3]:
- Step 1: Raised PSA confirmed on repeat testing.
- Step 2: Reflex testing (free PSA ratio, PHI, 4Kscore, or PSA density) to refine probability.
- Step 3: Multiparametric MRI of the prostate, reported using PI-RADS v2.1. PI-RADS 3 lesions are equivocal; PI-RADS 4-5 are suspicious and warrant biopsy.
- Step 4: Targeted biopsy of suspicious lesions (typically MRI-ultrasound fusion-guided), often combined with systematic biopsy of non-targeted regions.
- Step 5: Histopathological grading (Grade Group 1-5 / ISUP), staging, and individualised treatment decision at multidisciplinary review.
Active surveillance for low-risk disease — the other half of the modern pathway
Many of the overtreatment concerns that drove the 2012 USPSTF Grade D recommendation have been substantially mitigated by the adoption of active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer. Active surveillance is structured monitoring (PSA testing, MRI, periodic repeat biopsy) of low-risk Grade Group 1 disease, with curative treatment offered only if pathological reclassification occurs[15]:
- Klotz et al. (Toronto experience, J Clin Oncol 2015) — long-term follow-up of 993 men on active surveillance showed 10-year cancer-specific survival of 98.1%, demonstrating that careful surveillance of low-risk disease is safe at population level.
- ProtecT trial (Hamdy et al., NEJM 2016, 2023) — randomised 1,643 men with localised PCa to active monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy. At 15 years, prostate-cancer-specific mortality was very low and similar across all three arms (around 3%), although the active-monitoring arm had higher metastasis rates. The result supports active monitoring for selected low-risk disease while documenting the trade-offs[16].
- AUA / NCCN recommendations — active surveillance is the preferred initial management for low-risk prostate cancer (Grade Group 1, PSA <10, low volume) and is appropriate for selected favourable intermediate-risk cases[3][9].
This is the essential modern point: a screen-detected diagnosis does not equal aggressive treatment. Many low-risk men are appropriately managed on surveillance.
The evidence base — ERSPC and PLCO
Two major randomised trials underpin the current evidence base for population-level PSA screening[17][18]:
| Trial | Setting | Population | Result |
|---|
| ERSPC (European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer) | Multi-country European | 162,388 men aged 55-69 randomised | 16-year analysis: 20% relative reduction in prostate-cancer mortality (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72-0.89) with screening vs no screening |
| PLCO (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial) | United States | 76,693 men aged 55-74 randomised | No mortality benefit at 13 years; subsequent analysis revealed extensive contamination — >80% of control-arm men received some PSA testing — limiting interpretation |
The current consensus is that ERSPC provides the most reliable population-level evidence for PSA screening, with PLCO substantially affected by contamination of the control arm. The mortality benefit demonstrated by ERSPC — combined with the modern MRI-and-active-surveillance pathway that reduces overtreatment harm — underpins the current shared-decision-making recommendations[2].
Advanced disease — and where radioligand therapy fits
The screening conversation primarily addresses localised disease. For men who present with advanced disease at diagnosis (around 5-15% in screened populations; substantially higher in unscreened populations), the treatment pathway is different. Standard first-line systemic therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer typically involves androgen-deprivation therapy combined with second-generation androgen-pathway inhibitors (abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide) or docetaxel, with triplet therapy emerging as a standard for high-volume disease[19].
For patients whose disease becomes metastatic and castration-resistant (mCRPC) after standard systemic therapy, Lu-177 PSMA-617 radioligand therapy (branded as Pluvicto) entered the standard of care in 2022 based on the VISION trial[20]:
- VISION randomised 831 men with PSMA-positive mCRPC post-taxane-and-ARPI to Lu-177 PSMA-617 plus standard of care vs standard of care alone.
- Median radiographic PFS: 8.7 vs 3.4 months (HR 0.40).
- Median overall survival: 15.3 vs 11.3 months (HR 0.62).
- FDA approved Pluvicto in 2022; EMA approved in 2023; the 2024 PSMAfore trial supports its use in earlier (pre-chemotherapy) settings.
For a full review see our Lu-177 PSMA outcomes article. For cost and access in India see our cost considerations article.
What the awareness month message actually is
If awareness month has one consistent message that aligns with current evidence, it is this: have the screening conversation, then decide together with your clinician. The specifics — what age to start, what cutoff to consider raised, what reflex testing to use, whether to image, whether to biopsy, whether to treat or surveil — are all individualised based on:
- Age and life expectancy
- Family history of prostate cancer (especially before age 65)
- Ancestry (African ancestry confers higher lifetime risk)
- Known germline mutations (BRCA1/2, ATM, CHEK2, HOXB13)
- Prior PSA values and any prior biopsy results
- Symptoms and other prostate findings
- Individual values about the trade-off between potential benefit and potential harms of screening
The modern awareness message is not "every man should get a PSA test." It is "every man should have access to an informed, shared-decision conversation about screening, with high-risk men starting that conversation earlier."[2][3]
The bottom line
- Prostate cancer awareness month is observed in September; the recognised symbol is the light-blue ribbon[1].
- USPSTF 2018 recommends shared decision-making for PSA-based screening in men aged 55-69 (Grade C) and recommends against routine screening for men aged 70+ (Grade D)[2].
- AUA 2023 supports shared decision-making starting at age 55 for average-risk men, 45 for high-risk (African ancestry, family history, BRCA), and 40 for very-high-risk[3].
- The modern diagnostic pathway uses PSA → reflex testing → multiparametric MRI (PI-RADS v2.1) → targeted biopsy, reducing both missed aggressive cancer and overdiagnosis[13][14].
- Active surveillance is the preferred initial management for low-risk Grade Group 1 disease and has substantially mitigated overtreatment concerns[15].
- ERSPC 16-year follow-up showed 20% relative reduction in prostate-cancer mortality with screening vs no screening (RR 0.80); PLCO was confounded by >80% contamination of the control arm with PSA testing[17].
- For advanced (mCRPC) disease, Lu-177 PSMA-617 radioligand therapy is FDA-approved (2022) and EMA-approved (2023) based on the VISION trial[20].
Important
This article is general information about prostate cancer awareness, screening, and the diagnostic pathway. Individual screening and treatment decisions should be made through shared decision-making with a clinician, taking into account personal risk factors, life expectancy, prior testing, and individual values.
"Awareness month is not about driving universal PSA testing. It is about giving men access to an informed shared-decision conversation — with high-risk men starting earlier, average-risk men starting from 55, and active surveillance available for low-risk disease so that screening doesn't have to mean overtreatment."
Dr. Ishita B. Sen, MD · Director & Chief, Nuclear Medicine, FMRI
Prostate cancer screening discussion · FMRI
At FMRI Gurugram, prostate cancer screening discussions follow shared-decision-making frameworks aligned with USPSTF, AUA / SUO, EAU, and NCCN early-detection guidelines. Risk assessment includes age, family history, ancestry, BRCA status, and prior PSA and imaging history.
Request screening discussion · WhatsApp +91 8800 988936
For patients & referring clinicians
Frequently asked questions
Q01
When is prostate cancer awareness month?
Prostate cancer awareness month is observed in September across the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, India, and most English-speaking countries. The Movember Foundation runs its dedicated men's-health awareness and fundraising campaign in November (men growing moustaches for the month), which is also widely associated with prostate cancer awareness — but the formal awareness month is September [1].
Q02
What color is the prostate cancer awareness ribbon?
The prostate cancer awareness ribbon is light blue. It was adopted by US prostate cancer advocacy organisations in the late 1990s and has been used internationally since. Some regions use a navy-blue variant; the predominant convention is light blue. It is distinct from pink (breast cancer), teal (ovarian cancer), purple (pancreatic cancer), and other awareness ribbon colors [1].
Q03
At what age should I start prostate cancer screening?
Current AUA (2023) guidance recommends shared decision-making about PSA-based screening starting at age 55 for average-risk men, 45 for high-risk men (African ancestry, first-degree family history of prostate cancer, known BRCA1/2 carriers), and 40 for very-high-risk men. USPSTF (2018) supports shared decision-making for men aged 55-69 and recommends against routine screening for men aged 70 and older. EAU and NCCN guidelines broadly align with earlier start ages for risk groups [2][3][8][9].
Q04
When should I stop prostate cancer screening?
USPSTF 2018 recommends against routine PSA-based screening for men aged 70 and older (Grade D). AUA 2023 and other guidelines suggest individualised decisions in men older than ~75, taking into account life expectancy, comorbidities, and individual values. The reasoning is that the lead time from PSA detection to clinically meaningful prostate cancer mortality typically exceeds 10-15 years, so men with life expectancy below this range generally derive limited benefit from screening [2][3].
Q05
What does a PSA test actually involve?
A PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test is a simple blood test, typically drawn from a vein in the arm. It measures the concentration of PSA in the blood — a protein produced by both normal and cancerous prostate tissue. PSA is not specific to cancer: it rises with benign prostatic enlargement (BPH), prostatitis, urinary tract infection, recent ejaculation, recent prostate biopsy or surgery, and bicycling. A raised PSA prompts further evaluation; it does not equal cancer [11].
Q06
Is PSA above 4.0 ng/mL definitely cancer?
No. The traditional 4.0 ng/mL cutoff is not absolute. Risk of clinically significant cancer increases progressively with PSA; modern interpretation uses risk-adjusted nomograms (PCPT Risk Calculator, AUA risk calculator) and reflex tests (free PSA ratio, PHI, 4Kscore) rather than a single threshold. Many men with PSA 4-10 ng/mL do not have prostate cancer; some men with PSA below 4.0 do. The PSA is one piece of a multi-factor risk assessment [11][12].
Q07
Do I need a biopsy if my PSA is raised?
Not immediately. The modern pathway after a raised PSA (confirmed on repeat testing) typically involves reflex testing (free PSA ratio, PHI, 4Kscore, or PSA density), then multiparametric MRI of the prostate, reported using PI-RADS v2.1. Biopsy is reserved for suspicious lesions (PI-RADS 4-5, sometimes PI-RADS 3 with additional risk factors). This MRI-first pathway, supported by the PROMIS and PRECISION trials, detects more clinically significant cancer while reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies and the detection of clinically insignificant cancer [13][14].
Q08
What is active surveillance and who is it for?
Active surveillance is structured monitoring of low-risk prostate cancer (PSA testing, MRI, periodic repeat biopsy) with curative treatment offered only if pathological reclassification occurs. It is the preferred initial management for Grade Group 1 disease and appropriate for selected favourable intermediate-risk cases per AUA and NCCN guidelines. The Klotz Toronto cohort showed 10-year prostate-cancer-specific survival of 98.1%, and the ProtecT trial showed similar prostate-cancer-specific mortality across active monitoring, surgery, and radiotherapy arms at 15 years [3][9][15][16].
Q09
Why did the USPSTF change its recommendation in 2018?
The 2012 USPSTF Grade D recommendation against PSA screening at all ages reflected concerns about overdiagnosis and overtreatment morbidity, and the perceived modest mortality benefit at population level. By 2018, two things had changed: longer-term ERSPC follow-up showed a more consistent ~20% relative reduction in prostate-cancer mortality, and modern pathways (mpMRI before biopsy, active surveillance for low-risk disease) had substantially reduced overtreatment risk. The 2018 recommendation moved to shared decision-making for men 55-69 (Grade C) while maintaining the against-routine-screening recommendation for men 70+ [2].
Q10
What is the role of MRI in prostate cancer diagnosis?
Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate, reported using PI-RADS v2.1, is now standard in the diagnostic pathway after raised PSA. The PROMIS trial showed mpMRI sensitivity for clinically significant cancer of 93%, much higher than systematic biopsy (48%). The PRECISION trial showed that MRI-first with targeted biopsy detected more clinically significant cancer (38% vs 26%) and fewer insignificant cancers (9% vs 22%) versus standard systematic biopsy. MRI is the most important diagnostic addition to the screening pathway in the past decade [13][14].
Q11
What if my prostate cancer is already advanced when diagnosed?
For men diagnosed with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, standard first-line systemic therapy involves androgen-deprivation therapy combined with second-generation androgen-pathway inhibitors (abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide) or docetaxel, with triplet therapy increasingly standard for high-volume disease. For men whose disease becomes metastatic and castration-resistant (mCRPC) after standard therapy, Lu-177 PSMA-617 radioligand therapy (Pluvicto) is FDA-approved (2022) and EMA-approved (2023) based on the VISION trial. For details see our Lu-177 PSMA outcomes article [19][20].
Q12
How do I start a screening conversation at FMRI?
At FMRI Gurugram, prostate cancer screening discussions follow shared-decision-making frameworks aligned with USPSTF, AUA / SUO, EAU, and NCCN early-detection guidelines. Risk assessment includes age, family history, ancestry, BRCA status, and prior PSA and imaging history. WhatsApp +91 8800 988936 to request an initial screening discussion.
Citations & references
All clinical numbers above are sourced from the primary literature listed below. Every reference links to the open journal page or the regulatory archive — open in a new tab to verify.
[1] Movember Foundation. Prostate cancer awareness — campaign materials and global observance dates.
View source ↗[2] US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Screening for Prostate Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.
JAMA. 2018;319(18):1901-1913.
View source ↗[3] Wei JT, Barocas D, Carlsson S, et al. Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: AUA / SUO Guideline (2023).
View source ↗[4] US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Screening for Prostate Cancer: 2012 Recommendation Statement.
Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(2):120-134.
View source ↗[5] Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide.
CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229-263.
View source ↗[6] Indian Council of Medical Research – National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research. Report of National Cancer Registry Programme.
View source ↗[7] Carter HB, Albertsen PC, Barry MJ, et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA guideline update.
J Urol. 2013;190(2):419-426.
View source ↗[8] Mottet N, van den Bergh RCN, Briers E, et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. European Association of Urology, 2024.
View source ↗[9] NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Prostate Cancer Early Detection. National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
View source ↗[10] Indian Association of Urological Oncology / Urological Society of India position on prostate cancer screening. Indian Journal of Urology.
View source ↗[11] Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, et al. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
N Engl J Med. 1987;317(15):909-916.
View source ↗[12] Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Sanda MG, et al. A multicenter study of [-2]pro-PSA combined with PSA and free PSA for prostate cancer detection in the 2.0 to 10.0 ng/mL range (Prostate Health Index).
J Urol. 2011;185(5):1650-1655.
View source ↗[13] Ahmed HU, El-Shater Bosaily A, Brown LC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS).
Lancet. 2017;389(10071):815-822.
View source ↗[14] Kasivisvanathan V, Rannikko AS, Borghi M, et al. MRI-Targeted or Standard Biopsy for Prostate-Cancer Diagnosis (PRECISION).
N Engl J Med. 2018;378(19):1767-1777.
View source ↗[15] Klotz L, Vesprini D, Sethukavalan P, et al. Long-term follow-up of a large active surveillance cohort of patients with prostate cancer.
J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(3):272-277.
View source ↗[16] Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, et al. Fifteen-Year Outcomes after Monitoring, Surgery, or Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer (ProtecT).
N Engl J Med. 2023;388(17):1547-1558.
View source ↗[17] Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Månsson M, et al. A 16-yr Follow-up of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC).
Eur Urol. 2019;76(1):43-51.
View source ↗[18] Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL, et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial (PLCO).
N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1310-1319.
View source ↗[19] Smith MR, Hussain M, Saad F, et al. Darolutamide and Survival in Metastatic, Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (ARASENS).
N Engl J Med. 2022;386(12):1132-1142.
View source ↗[20] Sartor O, de Bono J, Chi KN, et al. Lutetium-177-PSMA-617 for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (VISION).
N Engl J Med. 2021;385(12):1091-1103.
View source ↗[21] Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up.
Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2027-2035.
View source ↗[22] Pinsky PF, Prorok PC, Yu K, et al. Extended mortality results for prostate cancer screening in the PLCO trial with median follow-up of 15 years.
Cancer. 2017;123(4):592-599.
View source ↗[23] Eastham JA, Auffenberg GB, Barocas DA, et al. Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA / ASTRO Guideline (2022).
View source ↗[24] Pritchard CC, Mateo J, Walsh MF, et al. Inherited DNA-Repair Gene Mutations in Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer.
N Engl J Med. 2016;375(5):443-453.
View source ↗[25] Mahal BA, Gerke T, Awasthi S, et al. Prostate Cancer Racial Disparities: A Systematic Review by the Prostate Cancer Foundation Panel.
Eur Urol Oncol. 2022;5(1):18-29.
View source ↗[26] Hugosson J, Carlsson S, Aus G, et al. Mortality results from the Göteborg randomised population-based prostate cancer screening trial.
Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(8):725-732.
View source ↗[27] Loeb S, Carter HB, Berndt SI, et al. Complications after prostate biopsy: data from SEER-Medicare.
J Urol. 2011;186(5):1830-1834.
View source ↗[28] Mottet N, Cornford P, van den Bergh RCN, et al. EAU Guidelines: Prostate Cancer.
Eur Urol. 2023.
View source ↗[29] Prostate Cancer Foundation. Prostate cancer awareness campaign and educational resources.
View source ↗[30] Prostate Cancer UK. Prostate cancer awareness month — March observance and educational resources.
View source ↗
About the Author
Dr. Ishita B. Sen
MBBS · MD (Nuclear Medicine) · DNB · Post-doctoral Fellowship, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
Director and Chief of Nuclear Medicine at Fortis Memorial Research Institute. Co-founder of Theranostic Physicians Private Limited (TPPL). Two decades of clinical practice in PSMA imaging and PSMA-directed radioligand therapy, with one of the largest Indian institutional experiences in Lu-PSMA.